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Showing posts from January, 2023

Differentiate between homogeneous and heterogeneous mixtures with examples?

  Sr.no. Homogenous mixture Heterogenous mixture 1. A homogenous mixture is that mixture in which the components mix with each other and its composition is uniform throughout the solution. A heterogenous mixture is that mixture in which the composition is not uniform throughout and different components are observed. 2. Components of homogeneous mixture cannot be seen through naked eyes. Components of heterogeneous mixtures can be seen through naked eyes. 3. In this mixture the component sizes are atomic/molecular level. Here, in this mixture, the size of particles are large. 4. Components of homogeneous mixture cannot be separated easily. Components of heterogeneous mixture can be separated easily. 5. The constituent particles in a homogeneous mixture possess the same physical properties. The constituent particles in heterogeneous mixture possess different physical properties. 6. Example: salt solution, sugar solution, air, etc. Example: mixture of salt and sugar, grains and pulses alo

What are cookies? Explain it.

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Do not confuse with biscuits; However, cookies or biscuits are come with small pieces and we usually like them. Cookies are essentially pieces of code saved by websites onto the user’s web browser when a session is initiated.  All websites that use Cookies have agreed that Cookies enhance the browsing experience by allowing a website to store small snippets of data on a user’s device.  By doing so, the website can keep track of a user’s preferences and tailor content accordingly. According to W3 techs, cookies are used by 40.8% of all websites. They are used to hold a modest amount of data specific to a particular client and website and can be accessed either by the web server or by the client computer When cookies were invented, they were basically little documents containing information about you and your preferences. Cookies are not programs, they do not perform any functions. These are simple text files that can be opened using Notepad. In ad tech, cookies are used to track users a

How can you find heat of formation of water?

Heat of formation of compounds is the fraction of heat evolved or absorbed when  1 mole of the substance is directly obtained from its constituent elements. Usually the conditions at which the compound is formed are taken to be temperature of  25 ∘ C and pressure of  1 atm in which case the heat of formation is called as standard heat of formation. ΔH=sum of bond energy of reactants−bond energy of products Complete step by step answer: As we know during any reaction evolution or absorption of heat energy occurs. This is in accordance with law of conservation of energy (1st law of thermodynamics) enthalpy of formation or heat of formation is the fraction of heat evolved or absorbed when 1 mole of substance is directly obtained from its constituent elements. To obtain enthalpy of formation of water H2(g)+1/2O2(g)→H2O(g)→ΔH=?H2(g)+1/2O2(g)→H2O(g)→ΔH=? for this you should know the bond energies of the reactants and products. BE-Bond Energy ΔH=[BE of H2+1/2×BE of O2]−[2 BE o

What are the most common used pressure safety/relief valve standards in the world?

 Here are the standards for pressure safety/relief valve against the country name. Widely used standards are highlighted in blue font.  Country Standard No. Description Germany A. D. Merkblatt A2 Pressure Vessel Equipment safety devices against excess pressure - safety valves TRD 421 Technical Equipment for Steam Boilers Safeguards against excessive pressure - safety valves for boilers of groups I, III & IV TRD 721 Technical Equipment for Steam Boilers Safeguards against excessive pressure- safety valves for steam boilers group II United Kingdom, UK BS 6759 Part 1 specification for safety valves for steam and hot water Part 2 specification for safety valves for compressed air and inert gas Part 3 specification for safety valves for process fluids France AFNOR NFE-E 29-411 to 416 Safety and relief valves NFE-E-29-421 Safety and relief valves Korea KS B 6216 Spring loaded safety valves for steam boilers and pressure vessels Japan JIS B 8210 Steam boilers and pressure vessels - spring

What is the fact that all common people should know and not only pharmacists/chemists/Doctors?

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While giving First Aid don't use Savlon directly on your wounds. Before the usage of Savlon for any purpose, it should be diluted. This is more important for using it on wounds since undiluted Savlon can do more harm than help. For first aid, savlon:clean water=1:15. :) Edit: Dettol too needs dilution. The recommended dilution is 1:20.

Why Are Noble Gases Called Noble? What is significance of saying?

If you search Noble in google, it will say noble means “high principle or moral”. The noble gases make up the last column of elements in the periodic table. They are commonly called Group 18, the inert gases, the rare gases, the helium family, or the neon family. The group consists of 7 elements: helium, neon, argon, krypton, xenon, and radon. These elements are gases at ordinary room temperature and pressure. Noble gases are characterized by: low reactivity low boiling point melting and boiling point close to each other (liquid over a narrow range) very low electronegativity high ionization energy usually colorless and odorless gases under ordinary conditions mono-atomic gases However, just as a nobleman can be pushed into losing his dignity, getting a noble gas to react is possible. With a great enough energy supply, the outer electrons of a noble gas can be ionized, and once the gas is ionized, it can accept electrons from other elements. Even under these conditions, noble gases do

In which scenarios LPG domestic cylinders explode?

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Let us see first statistics of cylinder blast happened in India 2016–17 and ultimate consequences of that. As per above highlighted text, in 2017, total 315 persons died and 225 were female numbers. It means, approx. 1 person dies each day due to domestic cylinder accident. Considering total dealths in a calendar year, this amount is less than 0.1% of total deaths. 2. LPG cylinder can blast if it is continuously kept exposed to immense heat or fire. In fire accident at home/office/hotel, etc. 3. In houses, LPG cylinder cannot just get blasted on its own. first there is a LPG gas leak from the O ring/ faulty regulator or leaky cylinder (rare). then the gas mixes with air, form a combustible mixture and when it comes in contact with a spark or naked flames, the gas explodes. As per fire triangle.

What are the real life examples of Pareto's principle?

List is enormous, however let's see how many of examples I have had on my finger tips. 80% of a company's output is produced by 20% of its workers. 80% of social media shares are by 20% of posts. 80% of software glitches are caused by 20% of bugs. 80% of search visits involve 20% of keywords. 80% of budget overruns are caused by 20% of expenses. 80% of your success comes from 20% of your ideas. 80% of the public uses 20% of their computers' features. 80% of crimes are committed by 20% of criminals. 80% of sales are from 20% of clients. 80% of sales are produce by 20% of a company's products or services. 80% of stresses are caused by 20% of stressors. 80% of rapid promotions are available in 20% of companies. 80% of the wealth is owned by 20% of the population. 80% of negotiation concessions occur in the last 20% of negotiations. 80% of sleep quality occurs in 20% of sleep. 80% of results are caused by 20% of thinking and planning. 80% of family problems are caused by 20

WHAT ARE NEWTONIAN AND NON-NEWTONIAN FLUIDS?

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Newtonian fluid, non Newtonian fluid, rheopectic, thixotropic, dilatant... what's the difference between these liquid properties? More importantly, what does it matter? One thing is clear and easy to understand. Newton the great is behind  Newtonian fluid, non Newtonian fluid. NEWTONIAN FLUIDS A Newtonian fluid's viscosity remains constant, no matter the amount of shear applied for a constant temperature. These fluids have a linear relationship between viscosity and shear stress. Examples: Water Mineral oil Gasoline Alcohol NON-NEWTONIAN FLUIDS You can probably guess that non-Newtonian fluids are the opposite of Newtonian fluids.  When shear is applied, the viscosity of non-Newtonian fluids decreases or increases, depending on the fluid. The behavior of the fluid can be described in one of four ways: Dilatant -  Viscosity of the fluid increases when shear is applied.  For example: Quicksand Cornflour and water Silly putty Pseudoplastic -  Pseudoplastic is the opposite of dilata

Why MAWP i.e. maximum allowable working pressure is significant in pressure safety valve design however usually not illustrate on name plate of vessel?

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Forward me your mail id in comment section to download editable spreadsheet.  Or  Mail me on "harshalthakar@gmail.com" and I will reply with spreadsheet. 

What is Hoop stress (Circumferential stress) and longitudinal stress in pressure vessels?

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  It all starts from fabrication of pressure vessel. Let me explain you. Consider a cylindrical pressure vessel which has been fabricated as per the your requirement. (see below figure) When you fabricate any vessel, you need some plates, pipes, etc. Not everything is ready made.  Post this, you need to weld plates and pipes na!  There are many layers of sheets of stainless steel or metal. When this vessel is subjected to internal pressure, stress observed at different places/ points. Let us cut down this cylinder perpendicular to its axis. See following image. “Circumferential (hoop) stress is due to longitudinal weld and Longitudinal stress is due to circumferential weld.” If we need to calculate this stresses applied to cylinder, we need equation for this. Let us see how we can create equation. Hoop stress:  This stress is due to longitudinal weld. It proportional on internal pressure and internal diameter of vessel. When both increases, stress increases. It inversely proportional t

What is red diesel and what is it used in?

What is Red diesel? Red diesel is a fuel that is used in off-road vehicles and machinery. It is used in many industries, most prominently construction and farming. Red diesel is the same as regular diesel, but with a red dye added to it to prevent it being used on road-going vehicles. In India, it often called red diesel oil. It costs merely 30 to 40 rupees per litre in india. Image: Why Red diesel is cheaper? Rebated fuel (red diesel) is cheaper than white diesel (road fuel) because of a lower fuel tax duty required to pay on it. The correct use of red fuel is for powering agricultural vehicles and machinery, fishing vessels, construction, and forestry machinery. Which vehicles can use red diesel? All diesel-powered vehicles can run on red diesel. However, should you use red diesel in a road vehicle, it is considered tax evasion and therefore breaking the law. Can red diesel damage my car? No not at all, red diesel is exactly the same as white, except for the red dye that is added. Al